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AI Fluency.
The Offloading Tax
Name the thinking you did unaided a year ago and now hand over without a second thought. If the tools went down this morning, would you back yourself to do it cold — or have you just never checked?
Hao-Ping Lee, a doctoral researcher at Carnegie Mellon's Human-Computer Interaction Institute, worked with a team at Microsoft Research on a study presented at CHI in 2025. They surveyed 319 knowledge workers who use generative AI at work and gathered 936 first-hand accounts of specific uses, asking in each case what critical thinking the person had done and how much effort it cost them. Two findings ran in opposite directions: the more confidence a worker had in the tool, the less critical evaluation they reported doing; the more confidence they had in themselves, the more. Label it accurately. This is self-reported and correlational, a survey of what people say about their own thinking, which is among the least reliable things anybody reports. It doesn't show that the tool eroded anyone's judgement. What it usefully describes is where effort moves — from gathering information to verifying it, from solving the problem to integrating an answer, from doing the task to overseeing it. Every one of those trades a repetition for a review.
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